Emissions of Gases and Aerosols Progress, Modeling Needs and Emerging issues 

Report of the GEIA-ACCENT Conference October 26-28 2009
Oslo, Norway 

The Report concludes with the
Steering Committee Outline of Next Steps 

Editors: Claire Granier, Paulette Middleton, Alex Guenther, Aude Mieville, Jose M. Baldasano, Michael Gauss, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Alison Steiner, Fiona Tummon
and Nele Veldeman 

Organization Committee: Claire Granier, Paulette Middleton, Bjorg Rognerud, Ivar Isaksen, Alex Guenther, Aude Mieville,
Greg Frost, Laurens Ganzeveld, Charles Ichoku, Zbigniew Klimont, Cathy Liousse, Jean-François Muller, Leonor Tarrason 

and Vigdis Vestreng 

Presentations and posters available on-line at: http://geiacenter.org 

Monday, October 26 

Program of the GEIA conference 

Registration
Opening talks
- I. Isaksen (Univ. Oslo): Welcome
- C. Granier (LATMOS, France and NOAA/ESRL, USA) and A. Guenther (NCAR, USA): GEIA
- P. Middleton (Panorama Pathways, USA): The GEIA network
- M. Maione (University. Urbino, Italy): The ACCENT network
- S. Dalsoren (Univ. Oslo): Emissions and environmental modeling: International sea transportation, the journey from operational profiles to global climate impact 

Session: Anthropogenic emissions at different scales 

S. Reis (Invited talk): Sensitivity of atmospheric dispersion models with a high spatial resolution to temporal emission profiles - a case study for the UK
Veldeman et al.: Atmospheric Emission Modelling: From Inventories to Air Quality Model Grids 

B. Thiruchittampalam : Anthropogenic emission modelling for Europe at different spatial and temporal scales
Steenhuisen et al.: Geospatial distribution of emissions. Anthropogenic mercury emission as an example of a generic problem 

Martins et al.: High resolution vehicular emission inventories and their applications on regional atmospheric models 

Lunch

Session: Anthropogenic emissions at different scales (Cont.) 

Osses et al., Comparison of on-road vehicle profiles and emissions collected in twelve cities worldwide
Gurjar et al.: GHG emissions from cooking fuels used in Indian Megacities: Estimates and Implications 

Assamoi et al.: A new two-wheel emission inventory for West Africa for the year 2002 (presented by C. Liousse)
D’Angiola et al: Retrofitting to CNG in South America: Positive and negative effects on emissions at local and regional levels 

Skjoeth et al.: Dynamical modeling of ammonia emissions. Can the Danish approach be extended to Europe?
Markakis et al.: A new emission model for the compilation of model ready emission inventories 

Baldasano et al.: The HERMES high-resolution emission system: simulating anthropogenic and biogenic emissions for the Iberian Peninsula, Canary Islands and Europe
Jordanov et al.: Bulgarian National Chemical Weather Forecasting and Information System – Model Setup, Emission Inventories, and Preprocessing 

Poster session 1 

Tuesday, October 27 

Session: Long-term variation in emissions 

J. F. Lamarque et al. (Invited talk): Past and future non-CO2 emissions for IPCC AR5
Van Aardenne et al.: EDGARv4.0: a global perspective on emissions in developed and developing countries
Olivier et al.: Recent trends in anthropogenic emissions of methane in EDGAR 4.0
Petron et al.: How uncertain are the reported emissions of greenhouse gases to the UNFCCC? A lesson from SF6 

Steinbacher et al.: European source allocations and emission estimates for CH4 derived from in-situ observations at the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch
Yan et al.: Isolating critical uncertainties: emission projections built on drivers
Ohara et al.: Long-term and recent changes in anthropogenic emissions in Asia: REAS inventory, satellite observations, and inverse modeling 

Klimont et al.: Discussion of recent trends and mid-term projections of air pollutants emissions in Asia
Liousse et al.: Modelling African aerosol using updated fossil fuel and biofuel emission inventories for 2005 and 2030 

Lunch

Session: Biomass burning emissions 

Brivio, P. (invited talk): Comparison of global monthly CO emission maps derived from remotely sensed burned area datasets
Kaiser et al.: Global Real Time Fire Emission Estimation from Fire Radiative Power Observations 

Mieville et al.: Emissions of gases and particles from biomass burning during the 20th century (presented by C. Granier)
Turquety et al.: Analysis of trace gas emission and transport during biomass burning events using IASI satellite observations 

Hao et al: Emissions of Atmospheric Trace Gases and Aerosols from Biomass Burning in Near Real-time Based on Real-time MODIS Data
Vadrevu et al.: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory from Vegetation Burning In India- Estimates from Satellite and Ground Based Observations 

Rein et al.: Measurements of Carbon Emissions from Smouldering Peat under Controlled Laboratory Conditions 

Reception, and Poster Session 2 

Wednesday, October 28 

Session: Inverse modeling and the use of observations to quantify emissions 

Mueller et al. (Invited talk): NMVOC emissions estimated from HCHO GOME-2 satellite data Barkley: Satellite measurements of formaldehyde & what they tell us about Amazonian isoprene emissions & the terrestrial biosphere
Lieven et al.: First global observations of ammonia, formic acid and methanol from space Frost et al.: Evaluation of U.S. NOx emissions with satellite-based observations and model simulations 

Keller et al.: Halogenated greenhouse gas emissions over Central Europe inferred from ambient air measurements and 222-Rn activity at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch
Pison et al.: 2003 to 2005 analysis of methane emissions from SCIAMACHY measurements Spahni et al.: Consistent 1988-2006 global net natural CH4 emissions within the EU HYMN project 

Open discussion on GEIA activities 

- GEIA databases and web portal - Suggestions for future activities - Relationships with other projects 

Lunch

Session: Natural emissions 

Skjoeth, C. (Invited talk): Modeling emissions and atmospheric transport of biological particles: How far can we go? An example with birch pollen.
Guenther et al., GLOBal Organic Emissions NETwork (GLOBOENET): Observations for evaluating global biogenic VOC emission models 

Ferreira et al.: Isoprene Emissions Modelling for West Africa using MEGAN
Steiner: In-canopy modeling of biogenic VOC emissions and multiphase chemistry Lathière et al.: Understanding the differences in isoprene emission estimates: A model intercomparison.
Jardine et al.: Net Ecosystem Exchange Rates of Carbon Dioxide and Volatile Organic Compounds between the Sonoran Desert and the Atmosphere during the North American Monsoon 

Summary and final conclusions 

Posters

Session AES: Anthropogenic emissions at different scales 

T. Agacayak et al., Compilation of emissions inventory for the city of Istanbul and verification via air quality model (CMAQ)
R.J. Andres: GEIA: Making data relevant
Davaasuren, N. et al.: Climate Change International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MARPOL (Norwegian and Russian ocean-going cargo ships) and modeling of atmospheric pollution in Barents sea region 

Dinoi A.et al., Seasonal characterizations of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric particles over south-eastern Italy
Gromov, S., Evaluation of anthropogenic mercury emission in Russia for the purpose of long range modeling and atmospheric balance estimation 

Gupta, S., Environment impact of the extreme particulate and their impact on human health Gupta, S., Assessment of Soluble Ion in Aerosol and Study of Sources and Composition Khokhar F., et al., New GEMS SO2 emission inventory updated for the year 2003
Oda, T. et al, A high-resolution global fossil fuel CO2 emission mapping using a point source database and satellite-observed nightlight 

Sassi M. et al, Emissions processing methodology for GEM-MACH Model 

Session LONG: Long-term changes in anthropogenic emissions 

Cui X. et al., Modelling future land use changes: development of a low dimensional model and preliminary results
Henriksson, S., Present and future aerosols in India and China seen in global climate-aerosol model 

Jaiswal N.K. et al., Carbonaceous aerosol pollution and their sources in Central India
Jung, B. A global and regional emission processing system in support of the climate change - air quality interaction research
Olivier J. et al., Official national GHG emissions reporting under the UN Climate Convention: Availability, structure, definition and the role of uncertainty estimates
Pacyna J. et al., Global emissions of mercury to the atmosphere in 2005 and their 2020 scenarios
Peters G. et al, Unlocking the Arctic Ocean: future emissions from petroleum and shipping activities due to reduced sea-ice extent
Vestreng V. et al., European road transport emission trends linked to policy developments 

Session BB: Biomass burning emissions and forecasting 

Akagi S. et al., A Summary of Recent Biomass Burning Emissions Measurements for Use in Atmospheric Chemistry Models
Kharol S.K. et al., Satellite and Lidar Observations of Long-Range Transport of Aerosols from Biomass Burning – A study over Indian Region 

Kharol S.K. et al., Aerosol and Carbon Monoxide Characteristics over Arabian Sea During Crop Residue Burning Period in the Indo-Gangetic Plains using Multi-Satellite Remote Sensing Datasets
Li, Q., The role of surface emissions and atmospheric transport determining the variability of atmospheric biomass burning trace gases CO, CH3CN and HCN 

Sharma, A.R., Intense Aerosol loading over tropical urban region of Hyderabad during biomass burning episode - A case study using satellite data and ground based measurements Silva de Souza, L., Creating an emissions modeling framework for studying air quality in Brazil with the system MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ: The Scenario of different datasets. Tummon, F., A comparison of biomass burning emissions inventories over southern Africa: Quantifying the range of uncertainty
Wiedinmeyer C. et al., High resolution and current fire emission estimates for air quality applications 

Session INV: Inverse modeling and the use of observations to quantify emissions 

Barkley, M.P., Assessing the accuracy of isoprene emission estimates from tropical ecosystems using ground-based and space-borne data
J. Howie et al., Using a Tall Tower and A Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model to Apportion 

Sources and Sinks of Greenhouse Gases in Scotland.
Konovalov I.B. et al., Estimation of NOx emission trends in megacities from satellite measurements
Maione M. et al., Long term observations of climate altering gases for deriving emissions on a regional scale
Mavrodiev S. et al., Greenhouse and other Pollutants Production Responsibility on the Basis of comparing in Situ and Mean Atmosphere Concentration Data following a CO2 Case Study Stavrakou J. et al., Globally derived nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon emissions from inverse modelling of satellite data column abundancies
Stein O. et al., Global Reactive Gases emission inventories in GEMS and MACC 

Session NAT: Evaluation of natural emissions 

Delon C. et al., Atmospheric Nitrogen budget in West African dry savannas
Ferreira J. et al., Biogenic emissions modelling: sensitivity analysis to input data
Matejko M. et al., Modelling base cation sea spray emissions, air concentrations and wet depositions for the UK
Skjoeth C. et al., An inventory of tree species in Europe – An essential data input for air pollution modeling
Werner C. et al., Development of a global N2O emission inventory for agricultural and natural soils
Werner C. et al., Data and model induced uncertainty of N2O and NO emission inventories for agricultural soils from Saxony, Germany
Wilton D.J. et al., Estimates of global biogenic isoprene emissions from the terrestrial biosphere with varying levels of CO2 

Sessions reports Session AES: Anthropogenic emissions at different scales 

In this session a nice overview of the current status in modelling of anthropogenic emissions was given. The different presentations covered both emission modelling based on a top-down approach and based on a bottom-up approach. Models merging both approaches also were presented. The presentations were selected so that they covered emission modelling all over the world. 

In the first subsection presentations dealing with modelling based on top-down approaches were grouped. The importance of both geographical allocation and temporal resolution was pointed out very nicely. 

S. Reis discussed the sensitivity of atmospheric dispersion models with a high spatial resolution to temporal emission profiles. It was pointed out that, with increasing spatial resolutions, differences in temporal profiles have a more pronounced influence on the ability of models to reproduce observations. Newly developed temporal profiles of the key emission source sectors (power generation, residential/commercial combustion, industrial production processes, solvent use and road transport) were presented and the interaction between spatial and temporal emission resolution was briefly discussed. 

N. Veldeman presented a tool to derive highly resolved emissions on specific air quality model grids starting from low-resolution emission inventories. The GIS downscaling tool makes use of spatial proxy data which specify fractions of emissions realized in a particular country that should be allocated to a particular grid cell. Various applications of air quality modelling in which the high resolution emissions were provided by the tool were shown: Flanders, Belgium; Prague, Czech; and Yangzhou, China. 

The presentation of B. Thiruchittampalam dealt with modelling at different spatial and temporal scales. The methodology, the progress and the results of the model combining the spatial and temporal distribution of anthropogenic emissions for several years and different spatial scales for Europe were illustrated. 

F. Steenhuizen described in his presentation recent methods used for the geospatial distribution of anthropogenic mercury emissions on a global 0.5° grid. It was illustrated that the new approach, using multiple proxies applied to different source sectors, produces improved resolution of gridded emissions compared to the previous versions. 

J.A. Martins discussed how satellite images, number of vehicles, emission factors, etc. can be combined in order to obtain high-resolution vehicular emission inventories, suitable to be used in regional air quality forecasting for selected South American urban areas. Due to the good correlation between urbanized areas and permanent lights and number of vehicles, the information could be extended towards all South American cities. 

In the second subsection, emission models based on a bottom-up approach were presented. 

M. Osses described the activities and results of a cooperative on-road vehicle study carried out in twelve international urban areas (Almaty, Kazakhstan; Beijing, China; Bogota, Colombia; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Istanbul, Turkey; Lima, Peru; Los Angeles, USA; Mexico City, Mexico; Nairobi, Kenya; Pune, India; Santiago, Chile and Sao Paulo, Brazil). The particular details of the vehicle fleet, their uses and utilized fuel, showed that the diversity of behaviours has strong influence on the respective emissions. 

B. Gurjar presented a multiyear (1991-2006) emission inventory for greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from cooking fuels (LPG, kerosene, fuel wood, dung cake and coal) used in Indian megacities. Although there is an increasing trend of switching from traditional (biomass) to modern (fossil fuels) resulting in higher GHG emissions, modern fuels have benefits in terms of less emissions of those air pollutants that cause significant effects on human health. 

C. Liousse showed that combustion aerosol concentrations in West Africa are comparable to those observed in Chinese and Indian megacities. This pollution is due mainly to automobile emissions, specifically from two-wheel vehicles used for the urban transport of people and goods. These emissions are, to date, largely unaccounted for in current emission inventories. A new regional inventory for two-wheel vehicle PM emissions has been developed for Africa at 0.25° x 0.25° resolution (year 2002). The main conclusion is that emission factors for black carbon (BC) and primary organic carbon (OCp) for two-stroke engines are significantly higher than those in Europe. 

A. D’Angiola described the “Retrofitting to compressed natural gas in South America”, the positive and negative effects on emissions at local and regional levels for several South American cities (Sao Paulo, Santiago, Bogota, Buenos Aires). Regional emissions and chemical weather forecast for South America with emphasis on megacities are provided. The main conclusion is that the retrofitting of gasoline vehicles to CNG is positive in terms of air quality, and therefore highly important in densely populated urban areas. 

C.A. Skjøth presented a new dynamical model of ammonia emissions applied to Denmark, and implemented into the ACDEP regional scale chemistry-transport model with improvements. The possibility to extend the approach to Europe was discussed. 

In the third subsection, it was demonstrated how top-down and bottom-up approaches can be combined to result in improved emission inventories. 

K. Markakis presented a new MOSES Emission Inventory model oriented to the user in chemical forecasting. The methodology of the EMEP/CORINAIR is fully incorporated in the model with the aim of preparing high-resolution gridded emissions. 

J.M. Baldasano discussed the HERMES2004 Emission Inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution (1 km2 and 1 h) oriented to support the Spanish Air Quality Forecasting System. This module is run in an operational way each day with 4 km grid size for the Iberian Peninsula, and 12 km grid size for Europe (48 h forecast). 

G. Jordanov described the Bulgarian National Chemical Weather Forecasting (BCWF) and Information System – Model Setup, Emission Inventories, and Preprocessing. It is based on the US EPA Models-3 System, and is under development. 

Several posters also addressed anthropogenic emission issues. 

S. Gromov presented a poster on the evaluation of anthropogenic mercury emissions in Russia. The study was initiated to estimate the emissions of mercury from fuel combustion during the production of power energy, metals (ferrous and non-ferrous), cement and caustics based on a top-down approach. 

T. Agacayak presented in a poster an emissions inventory for the city of Istanbul and the verification of this inventory using an air quality model. It was shown that road transport is the main contributor for most pollutants in this region.

R. Andres proposed future directions for GEIA, including the species to be considered, the need to take into account spatial and temporal scales, numerical formats, as well as the importance of providing detailed documentations and visualization tools. 

N. Davaasuren gave a poster discussed the emissions due to shipping within the framework of the Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from ships. Different development scenarios and economic situations in Norway and Russia were discussed. 

A. Dinoi presented a study of the seasonal variation in organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric particles in southeastern Italy, and discussed the origin of the seasonal variation observed in the measurements. 

S. Gupta presented a poster on the environmental impact of coarse particles (PM10) on human health. Another poster by the same group discussed observations of several water-soluble ions in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols in the most industrialized location of Central India. 

M.F. Khokhar presented a poster an updated inventory of SO2 emissions from non-ferrous smelters in Siberia and Peru. Emissions from these point sources were updated using recent literature values. 

T. Oda discussed a high-resolution global fossil fuel CO2 emission mapping using a point source database and satellite observed nightlights, which provide a spatial indicator of human settlements and activities such as land transportation. 

M. Sassi presented a poster discussing the methodology for processing the emissions for the GEM-MACH model. The different steps in the processing were discussed, more particularly the assignment of the Canadian VOC emission speciation data to different chemical mechanisms. 

Several conclusions can be pointed out: 

A significant number of emission models use global emission inventories and are based on a top-down approach. Different disaggregation techniques are being used to obtain emissions 

with a higher spatial resolution; several methods are being applied in order to improve the temporal resolution. 

A lot of work is been carried out on bottom-up approaches in order to construct emission inventories, both in regions where a lot of additional information (land use, traffic fleet, ...) is available (Europe, US) and in regions where there sometimes is a lack of information (S. America, Africa, parts of Asia). 

It has been illustrated that top down and bottom-up emission models might be combined. 

It has become clear that attention needs to be paid to traffic emissions, differences between the big cities (in the case of South America), and between world different world areas, especially in the case of Africa. 

Some studies show a necessary and stronger interaction and integration between emission inventories with high spatial and temporal resolution and their coupling with CTM. The need for better visualization tools for a more detailed analysis and understanding was emphasized. 

Session LONG: Long-term variation in emissions 

The session was comprised of a broad variety of presentations covering both regional and global aspects. Specifically, the talks discussed present emissions of various pollutant and greenhouse gases and their past and future (including short- and long-term) trends. Inventories developed for different purposes were described, along with methods, uncertainties, current issues, and suggestions for future work. Regarding top-down methods, the increased use of measurements such as remote sensing is evident. In bottom-up methods, uncertainties in activity data and technology penetration and real-life performance in several regions deserve more attention. 

The invited talk was given by J.-F. Lamarque dealing with the recently developed RCP (representative concentration pathways) emission scenarios, which will be used in modeling studies in support of the upcoming IPCC AR5 report. The emission data sets extend from 1850 to 2300 and contain anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions on 10-year temporal and 0.5x0.5 degrees horizontal resolutions. Given the availability of data, the year 2000 was defined as the baseline. Baseline emission data are a combination of various data sets that are representative for 2000 and documented in the scientific literature. Emissions for 1850-2000 were derived by combining EDGAR-HYDE, RETRO, T. Bond and C. Liousse work on past BC and OC, and the year 2000 emissions. Four RCP scenarios are provided for the future, each representing a radiative forcing target at year 2100. The new emission data constitute an improvement from data used in previous IPCC reports, as the past and all future data sets are consistent and equal at year 2000 (handshake concept). As of October 2009, past emissions, future RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission data are available for all reactive gases and aerosols. As example of weaknesses, inconsistencies with CO2 and land-use, and the lack of VOC speciation and natural emissions were mentioned. Lamarque suggested that an effort should be made to better integrate emission work as a part of the IPCC process. 

J. van Aardenne presented an overview of the EDGAR version 4 data set, providing anthropogenic emissions for both policy and scientific purposes. EDGAR v4.0 contains annual emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants (including BC/OC and NH3) on 0.1x0.1 

degree horizontal resolution for the period 1970-2005. The presentation described the data set and the methodology how it has been built. One of the main problems is that activity data is not often well covered by international statistics in non-OECD countries. Trends were illustrated by emissions from agriculture and road transportation. A preview of EDGAR v4.0 emissions of NOx, CO and VOC illustrated the different trends in sectors and countries of the world. The next step for EDGAR is the release of the air pollutant dataset (after quality checks). The data will also contribute to the HTAP emission inventory and to EC policy scenario studies linking climate change and air pollution. More information about the data is given at the new website http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu . 

One specific part of the EDGAR v4 database, namely GHG emissions with focus on methane, was discussed by J. Olivier (PBL). Changes with respect to EDGAR version 3 were shown along with the main contributions to trends in methane. According to EDGAR v4 non-Annex I countries now make a greater contribution to total GHG emissions than Annex I countries. For methane emissions EDGAR v4 has employed several new methods of calculation. Although changes in the global totals since 2000 are small, there are clear sectoral and regional differences. In 2005 3.5% of gross methane emissions were recovered (mainly landfill), but mostly in Annex I countries. Increased cattle activity (e.g. milk production) has led to larger methane emissions. The methane trend between 2000-2005 (11% total increase) is assumed to be caused by China, Brazil and Russia. In particular, the drop in 1997 is related to forest fires before, while later an increase due to China (coal mines) and Brazil (cattle) is seen. The EDGAR v4 methane datasets are publicly available for use. Capturing a large number of abatement projects after 2006 will be a challenge of future updates. Olivier made the point that methane emissions will be most affected by changes in GWP for methane (21 in IPCC-SAR, 23 in IPCC-TAR, 25 in IPCC-AR4). The same group also presented a poster on the availability, structure, definition and the role of uncertainty estimates in the official national GHG emissions reporting under the UN Climate Convention. 

G. Pétron illustrated the uncertainty in emissions of greenhouse gases that are reported to the UNFCCC at the example of SF6, a greenhouse gas with a lifetime of more than 3000 years. The main emitting countries and trends/uncertainties in their emissions were described. SF6 is a strong GHG (GWP=22800), but is still present in low concentration, though increasing. The Mauna Loa CATS record shows SF6 now at about 7 ppt (from 4.5 ppt in 2000). The current status derived from observations is that, while SF6 is one of the Kyoto gases, there is an accelerated increase. It can be assumed that emissions are higher than reported. The missing SF6 could come, e.g., from specific sources in Russia, Asia, or the USA. Military operations are a possible but unknown source. The emission data on the UNFCCC website are a moving target, as they are continuously revised. The UNFCCC, CAIT/EPA, EDGARv4 emission data bases have been shown to be quite different in terms of SF6. Documentation of emission data is very important. Petron suggested improved verification, in particular at the UNFCCC, of reported emissions. Annex I countries should assist other countries. 

M. Steinbacher described how in-situ observations at the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch can be used to derive methane emissions and European source allocation. For example, a drop in methane concentrations was observed in mid-June 2008, part of which can be explained by the advection regime, but not entirely. From observed methane time series, European emission maps are derived by subtracting the background (calculated by a 2-d regression model) and by merging with trajectory calculations (FLEXTRA). Thanks to its high elevation, Jungfraujoch can cover a large area of emission sources. Examples of European source allocation show little 

regional variability, a North-East to South-West gradient, sources in Benelux countries in summer, and in Eastern Europe and Po Basin in winter. About 10 pollution episodes are visually selected each year, probably giving too much weight on high-emission events. Also, only the Po Valley and only the western part of Germany can be ‘seen’, i.e. regions which are not representative for the whole countries. The next step will be to improve the selection criteria and/or restriction to pollution episodes. 

Critical uncertainties in vehicle emission projections were discussed in a talk given by F. Yan presenting a technology-based model, where emissions vary according to technology penetration and environmental regulations, thus responding to different political scenarios. The global emission projection shows increasing trends in all scenarios during 2010-2050, but the regional emission trends are diverse. Superemitters (vehicles with extremely large emission factors) drive the trend of PM emissions from on-road vehicles; if superemitters were eliminated, the global emission would decline instead, with an annual average rate of 2-4% per year. Economic development here is a major source of uncertainty. Tighter standards alone cannot protect the environment – the maintenance and retirement of old vehicles is crucial. A function for the rate of normal vehicles transforming into superemitters was presented. Retirement rate is partly governed by the ratio of regional and global income (price of new vehicle determined by the global market, repair costs based on local labor rates). Yan suggested that policy and technology dynamics should be included in emission projections. 

T. Ohara presented long-term and recent changes in anthropogenic emissions in Asia. In particular, the REAS inventory, recent trends in China, and the verification based on observations and inverse modeling were discussed. The RAES inventory contains annual emissions for South, Southeast, and East Asia on a 0.5x0.5 degree resolution for the years 1980-2005, as well as future projections for 2010 and 2020. The rapid growth in many Asian countries in recent years led to the significant increase of urban, regional, and trans-boundary air pollution; for example,, Chinese NOx increased 5 times from 1980 to 2005. Ohara pointed out the usefulness of satellite/ground observations for verification and improvement of emission inventories. However, variable policy and efficiencies add to the uncertainties in emission scenarios. An ongoing 3-yr project is creating a new inventory for the same area (weekly to monthly temporal and 0.25x0.25 degree horizontal resolution) by updating emission factors based on technologies and their implementation rates, the use of large point sources (including newly constructed or closed), and by applying inverse modeling techniques. 

Z. Klimont reported on recent trends and mid-term projections of air pollutants emissions in Asia with the main focus being on NOx and SO2 emissions from GAINS-Asia (http://gains.iiasa.ac.at). GAINS is a tool to understand emissions and to study responses to different technology and reduction measures. Recent inventories and modeling work confirm the high growth of NOx and SO2 over East Asia in the last decade as indicated in the last few years by the remote sensing community. GAINS models changes in emission factors to reflect gradual introduction of different reduction measures. The per-capita emission of NOx (but also for other pollutants like SO2) is not expected to change considerably in Asia as a whole which is due to the increasing penetration of abatement technology. In particular, it will not reach the maximum levels that Europe or US experienced in the 90’s. However, an important question is how effective is the implementation of policy, one example being power plants in China where the first priority is to deliver electricity (only then comes FDG implementation). Several recent studies show comparable future trends of Asian emissions, although the impact of legislation appears to be underestimated in SRES scenarios that continue being used in modeling work. 

Klimont noted that much more work is required to reduce the uncertainties in historical estimates and the assessment of future reduction potential in Asia. 

The session continued with a presentation given by C. Liousse about AMMA modeling work. African aerosols were modeled by using updated fossil fuel and biofuel emission inventories (BC and OC) for 2005 and 2030. To update emission data local inquiries were done; gap filling was done with the UN database for fossil fuel, IEA data, updated Brocard (1996) for biofuel, and Assamoi and Liousse (2009) for two-wheelers. Different emission factors were applied for semi-developed and developing countries. For regridding, 0.25x0.25 deg SEDAC data were used (http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/). For 2030 emissions, two scenarios from POLES project were used, one with environmental policy objectives of 2000, and one with Kyoto carbon penalties in place (interestingly OC is almost the same in the two scenarios). An evaluation of ORISAM-TM5 (ORISAM aerosol module coupled to TM5 global CTM), using this new emission inventory was shown. Model simulations for the future reveal new hot spots in Nigeria, along the Guinean Golf and Southern Africa. The main concern in Africa is the expected population increase (emerging megacities), but it is important to note that Africa is not homogeneous. This has to be taken into account in emission projections. 

B. Jung presented a poster discussing an integrating modelling framework designed by the Korean Ministry of Environment to help improve the knowledge of the impact of global climate change on regional (i.e. Asian) air quality. An emission processing system that can process various emissions inventories was developed, including 00 years (2001~2100) of future emissions. The inventory selection process has been presented in the poster, together with the baseline emissions projection procedure. An analysis for quality assurance of emissions inventory and processed modeling emissions inventory was discussed. 

Vigdis Vestreng discussed the European emission trends of nitrogen oxides since 1880 in her poster. The changes in the emissions were linked to the evolution of road transport, and the impact of the implementation of strict measures to control emissions was discussed. 

G. Peters presented a poster on the determination of future emissions from petroleum and shipping activities due to reduced sea-ice extent in the Arctic. It is estimated that emissions in the Arctic might not be extremely large in the short-term future, but the uncertainties on sea- ice extent, political constraints, technology development and future oil prices are very large. 

J. Pacyna discussed the global emissions of mercury in 2005 and their evolution until 2020. Improved emission factors, the inclusion of new emission sectors, better information on point sources have helped a better quantification of mercury emissions. The poster gave a first attempt to determine emissions scenarios at the global scale. 

X. Cui presented a poster on the modelling of future land use changes. They discussed the development of a model which has been developed specifically to probabilistically explore an ensemble of future land use change scenarios, accounting for uncertainties from population growth, socioeconomic development, agricultural yield changes induced by climate change and technology advances, and alternative national and international environmental policies. 

S. Henriksson presented a poster on present and future aerosols in India and China seen in global climate-aerosol model. The Regional Asian Emission Inventory (REAS) was used, for present emissions and to investigate several future scenarios, including scenarios with large 

emission cuts. 

Session BB: Biomass burning emissions 

Invited speaker Pietro Brivio (CNR, Italy) discussed a comparison study of global CO biomass burning emissions derived from different burned area products. Three bottom-up methods, using the SPOT L3JRC (VGT), ATSR WFA-GBA2000 and MODIS products were compared with one top-down method using an inverse modelling approach and MOPITT measurements. Global total CO emissions from biomass burning were calculated as 1422, 547, 769 and 594 Tg for 2003 for the VGT, ATSR, MODIS and MOPPITT methods respectively. The seasonality of the VGT and MODIS emissions was similar, both peaking in November, whilst the ATSR product peaks in July and the MOPITT inversion in August. The largest differences between bottom-up and top-down approaches is visible at the regional scale, with, for example, the VGT product having 5 times larger emissions for North America and Europe than the MOPITT product. Large discrepancies appear to be at least partly due to the different behavior of each satellite product depending on the land cover types and regions. As such, there is still considerable uncertainty regarding the spatial and temporal variability of biomass burning emissions in general. 

A workshop (BBSO-II) discussing these results and other issues will be held in Toulouse from the 18-19th November 2009. 

O. Stein presented results from the newly initiated GEMS and MACC projects, with particular focus on real-time emissions estimates using fire radiative power observations (available in near-real time from MODIS). The aim of these projects is to create very high spatial and temporal resolution (at ~10km and hourly) emissions in near-real time. 

C. Granier discussed the development of a new gas and particulate biomass burning inventory created for the 20th century (GICC inventory), available at 1ox1o resolution from 1900-2000. ATSR data are used average for 1997-2005 to create the year 2000 as an anchor (for future emissions to be continuous with past emissions). It was assumed that no change in vegetation cover over the 20th century occurred. The data are available on ftp://ftp-ipcc.fz-juelich.de/ . 

S. Turquety presented an analysis of emission and transport of trace gases using IASI satellite observations. This instrument was launched onboard METOP in 2006 and has high temporal coverage. Validation was carried out against measurements from the POLARCAT, YAK and ARCTAS experiments. It was found that upper tropospheric features were much better resolved than lower tropospheric ones. Compared to MOPITT observations the background values are underestimated but in biomass burning plumes IASI-derived values were found to be higher than MOPITT. The retrieval error is often difficult to assess accurately. Further work, comparing the satellite to model analyses will be carried out. 

W.M. Hao presented an air-quality forecasting model using near real-time MODIS data. The objective of this study is to develop databases of daily emission rates of CO2, CO and CH4 at 1ox1o resolution over North America, compare emission trends and develop an air quality forecasting model to assess the impact of biomass burning. The WRF-CHEM model is used in 

combination with MODIS burned area and hot spot data. Aircraft campaigns are currently being carried out to validate the model and emissions estimates. 

K. Vadrevu discussed emissions of greenhouse gases from biomass burning over India from two different sources: satellite and ground-based observations. Large variation is found between satellite products also, with the IRS burned area product being up to 250 times greater (5000km2) than the SPOT L3JRC product (20km2). It was suggested that very small and short fires (not detected by SPOT, but seen by the 56m resolution IRS-AWiFS instrument) is the main cause of this large discrepancy. Emission factor estimates currently do not exist for all fire types in India, thus a regional bottom-up inventory has not yet been created. There is still an enormous need to further validate IRS products. 

G. Rein presented new measurements of carbon emissions from peat fires. These are the largest fires in the whole earth system, but relatively little is currently known about them and their emissions. Peat fires in Indonesia in 1997 released and estimated 13-40% of total global CO emissions, thus they are of considerable importance. Emissions factors were measured under different burning conditions. The ratio of CO:CO2 was found to be 0.43±12, significantly different from the ratio for flaming fires, which is estimated to be ~0.2. Fire emissions of CO and CO2 were found to be up to 3000 times greater than the natural emissions from peat decay. 

S. Akagi presented a summary of recent measurements of emission factors for biomass burning emissions. She discussed the remaining uncertainties and gaps in the current knowledge, including the uncertainties in fire data, in the measurements of emissions factors, the undersampling of fuel types. Emissions factors for key species, HONO and HCN and CH3CN were discussed in more details.

S.K. Kharol presented a poster discussing satellite and lidar observations of long-range transport of aerosols resulting from biomass burning, with a focus over India. Another poster by the same group used different satellite observations to identify the impact of the burning of crop residues on the distribution of aerosols and carbon monoxide. 

Q. Li used a three-dimensional chemical transport model to study the role of surface emissions, and more particularly biomass burning emissions, as well as the role of atmospheric transport in the determination of the variability of CO, CH3CN and HCN. 

A. R. Sharma presented a detailed study of a biomass burning episode in the tropical urban region of Hyderabad, India. It was shown that the integration of satellite observations and ground-based measurements were very useful for the understanding of source characteristics during periods of enhanced aerosol loading. 

L. Silva de Souza presented a study of the emissions and air quality forecasting for the Amazonia area. The quantification of the emissions for different source types (anthropogenic, biomass burning and natural) was discussed. This study showed that, besides the lack of public and open National Emission Inventories for Brazil, the ozone forecast in Amazonia might be studied with good natural and biomass global inventories. 

F. Tummon discussed the range of uncertainties in biomass burning emissions inventories in southern Africa. A regional climate model was used in the study, and comparisons of the direct and semi-direct radiative forcing for different biomass burning inventories were performed. 

C. Wiedinmeyer discussed high resolution and current fire emission estimates for air quality applications. A simple fire emissions model has been developed to provide high resolution emission estimates for use chemical transport models. Regional and global results through July 2009 were discussed. 

Session INV: Inverse modeling and the use of observations to quantify emissions 

J.-F. Muller presented formaldehyde (HCHO) vertical column densities from the GOME-2 satellite in 2007-2008 that are used to constrain the anthropogenic NMVOC emissions on the global scale. A decrease of the emissions of these compounds is suggested by the inversion over the US and Europe, whereas a very significant increase (up to 100%) is inferred over the Far East, with respect to the a priori EDGARv3.3 NMVOC inventory. The optimized Chinese anthropogenic NMVOC emissions, estimated at 29 Tg/yr, are found to be by 60% higher than in the Asian emission inventory for anthropogenic emission (REAS) estimate for 2003 (Ohara et al. 2007). 

M. Barkley's oral presentation and poster dealt with the use of spaceborne HCHO vertical columns to determine spatiotemporal HCHO variations. The HCHO variability is mainly driven by variations of biogenic and pyrogenic emissions. However, unexpectedly low HCHO columns have been observed over the Amazon rainforest during the transition from the wet-to- dry season. This feature can be explained by the fact that isoprene emitters experience leaf flushing (new leaf growth) at the onset of the dry season, in anticipation of light-rich conditions, resulting thus in an annual shut-down of Amazonian isoprene emissions. 

L. Clarisse presented the first annual maps of new satellite products (HCOOH, CH3OH, NH3) obtained from IASI/MeTop infrared spectra. Comparisons with global atmospheric chemistry- transport models are also shown. Particular focus is put on the comparison between the global ammonia (NH3) spaceborne maps and the output of a global model. A good qualitative agreement is obtained, although the satellite data reveal substantially higher concentrations of ammonia north of 30oN, compared with the model. This suggests that ammonia emissions might have been severely underestimated in the Northern Hemisphere. Ground-based observations are therefore necessary to validate the satellite measurements. 

The US NOx emissions was the subject of G. Frost's presentation. Satellite NO2 columns are used in combination with a regional model in order to infer updated emissions over the US. A decrease of 36% of the US emissions over 1995-2004 is inferred by satellite NO2 columns, whereas a much stronger decrease (45%) is reported over the “power plant-dominated” Ohio River Valley. The satellite columns agree well with model NO2 columns over western US power plants, but not Houston and the Mexican power plants where the a priori industrial NOx emissions from the NEI99 inventory seem to be strongly overestimated. Model NO2 columns over urban areas along the US west coast are almost twice as large as satellite NO2 columns. Based on the results of these studies, a new version of anthropogenic US NOx emissions for 2005 (NEI2005) has been recently compiled. 

C. Keller presented concentration measurements of halogenated greenhouse gases (SF6, HFCs, PFCs) at the Jungfraujoch site, where the halocarbons are measured continuously using a GC- MS. These measurements have been combined with measurements of 222-Rn activity at the same site in order to derive emission rates over Central Europe. Soil exhalation Rn maps are 

used together with backward trajectories to determine the origin of air masses arriving at the Jungfraujoch so that the annual emission estimates on a country-level could be derived. Top- down estimates are found to agree quite well with current country estimates for central European countries. New measurements from Hungary are expected to constrain the halogenated emissions for eastern European countries. 

I. Pison presented an analysis of methane emissions from SCIAMACHY measurements over 2003-2005. A multi-species inversion system has been developed to provide optimized methane estimates. Compared to the prior inventory, increased derived emissions have been obtained in South America, Europe, and South Asia, whereas the inferred emissions are lower than the prior in boreal Eurasia. The largest relative error reductions have been obtained in boreal Eurasia (50%), tropical and South America (35%), whereas lower reductions have been found over Southern Africa (24%), Far East (28%), and India (11%). Comparison to independent measurement data showed a global improvement in the bias and RMS between simulated and measured concentrations, although persistent problems remain at high latitudes. 

M. van de Weele presented the 1998-2006 natural methane emissions obtained within the EU HYMN project. For that, the dynamical global vegetation model LPJ is used to simulate emissions from 3 natural wetland categories : peatlands in the Northern Hemisphere, inundated wetlands and wet soils. The LPJ emissions are then tested using an inversion with the TM5 global model against surface measurements and/or SCIAMACHY CH4 observations. The inversions point to a decrease of peatland emissions. The calculated interannual variability, which is currently relatively small, is correlated to heterotrophic respiration in soil driven by increasing global temperature and precipitation and could significantly increase if yearly varying global inundation maps are accounted for. 

J. Howie presented the used of a Lagrangian dispersion model to apportion sources and sinkes for greenhouse gases in Scotland. In this poster, findings from inversions and forward model runs for methane, nitrous oxide and sulfurhexafluoride were presented. 

M. Maione presented a poster on long-term observations of halogenated gases at different stations from the AGAGE and SOGE networks. A top-down approach is used in the study, in order to ascertain compliance to International Protocols regulating production/emission of halogenated greenhouse gases. An inversion modelling cascade using the of MM5 model to reproduce meteorological fields and of FLEXPART to simulate tracer dispersion, is used to optimize the emissions distributions. 

O. Stein discussed in a poster the development of the emissions datasets which are used in the GEMS and MACC European projects, which aim at establishing a European monitoring and forecast facility for greenhouse gases, reactive gases and aerosols at both the global and regional scales. 

S. Mavrodiev presented a poster on the comparison of local CO2 emissions production data and atmospheric observations of CO2 and proposed use of this method to estimate concentrations of other greenhouse gases and pollutants. 

I. Konovalov presented an estimation of NOx trends in megacities from satellite measurements and inverse methods. The potential of the method was demonstrated by means of special tests. The poster estimates of NOx emission trends in several European and Asian megacities. Several evidences that nonlinear estimates are more consistent with available long-term 

surface measurements of nitrogen oxides than the corresponding linear trends were given. 

J. Stavrakou presented a poster on globally derived nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon emissions from inverse modelling of satellite data column abundances. She performed an inversion of a multi-year record of HCHO columns retrieved from the SCIAMACHY instrument. She also discussed the sensitivity of isoprene emissions estimates. 

Session NAT: Evaluation of natural emissions 

C. Skjoeth discussed the modeling of emissions and atmospheric transport of biological particles. Pollen can trigger of seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever), therefore there is interest in the ability to accurately forecast pollen emissions. Past work has shown that large-scale atmospheric transport can bring high concentrations of pollen to Denmark from other regions in Northern Europe, and the aim was to understand and simulate both large-scale pollen transport and local pollen emissions. A new phonological model, SUPREME (Simple Unified Pollen Release Model), was developed based on a similar technique for modeling ammonia emissions in Europe. By using observations for relationships with wind speed and relatively humidity, the model can reproduce ambient pollen concentrations in Denmark. SUPREME was integrated into a transport model and run at multiple resolutions over northern Europe. Results from this model are promising, although several challenges remain, including (1) The improvement of forest statistics to better allocate source strengths, (2) Capturing the timing and magnitude of emissions, including intraannual and interannual variability. Future work will address interannual variability, additional vegetation species, and further regional calibration. C. Skjoeth presented also a poster on an inventory of tree species in Europe. 

A. Guenther discussed the improvements in the modeling of biogenic VOC and how measurements of whole canopy fluxes and emission factors from heterogeneous landscapes are still necessary. Two main methods exist in order to measure whole canopy fluxes: (1) Eddy covariance (EC) with fast response VOC quantification (e.g., PTR-MS, FIS), and (2) Relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) with longer-time response GC-MS VOC measurements. Typically, the EC method is more accurate yet more expensive and time-consuming to employ. REA is less expensive and easier to implement in the fields, and could provide broader geographic coverage if appropriate implementation techniques can be developed. In order to develop a broader network of whole canopy fluxes, they have been evaluating and comparing these two techniques at the Manitou site in Colorado. Results suggest that REA can accurate with replicate sampling, and that weekly sampling is sufficient to capture the main seasonal variability. REA measurements are now being employed at the following locations: (1) Niwot Ridge, a spruce forest in CO; (2) Manitou, CO; (3) Sonora Desert, a creosote-dominant ecosystem in AZ; (4) New Mexico, a pinyon pine-juniper ecosystem; and (5) French Guiana at a site in the tropical rainforest. How many of these sites would be needed for better model evaluation? Perhaps 20 sites over a range of ecosystems would be a good start, and more or less sites established depending on the variability seen geographically and between ecosystem types. One outstanding issue is how to handle the variability in emission factors due to heterogeneous landscapes, and current studies on aircraft-based platforms using fast-response VOC measurements may help address this (for example, studies in Colorado to evaluate pine bark beetles and California studies to evaluate agricultural emissions). Similar techniques could be employed to address anthropogenic NO and CO inventories as well to constrain bottom-up or top-down inventories. 

J. Ferreira discussed isoprene emissions modeling for West Africa as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA). This study intended to quantify surface emissions and deposition fluxes of chemical compounds over Western Africa. Measurements were conducted in 2006 over west Africa on the airborne campaign for two months, typically below 700m. In order to evaluate emissions models and fill gaps in the measurement data, the MEGAN model (Guenther et al., 2006) was used to simulate biogenic VOC emissions over Western Africa. Simulations were driven by meteorological data from regional models (WRF and MM5) to provide the necessary meteorological input. Large variations in the emissions simulations were observed using the two different meteorological input, likely due to the large differences in the radiation field, although further work is required to determine the specific cause. Emission fluxes appear to match aircraft observations in the 10-15oN band of vegetation, however the model predicts a second peak around 19oN that is not noted by the observations. The evaluation of these discrepancies are ongoing, but appears to be driven by an over prediction of emissions from LAI and emission factors that are much greater than the vegetation on the ground. Case studies such as these are key to evaluating biogenic emissions in tropical regions. A poster by the same group discussed also the sensitivity of biogenic emissions modelling to input data, more particularly emission factors 

A. Steiner discussed in-canopy modeling of biogenic VOC emissions and multiphase chemistry There is increasing observational evidence of significant chemical processing within a forest canopy, driven by the reaction of very reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) and nitrogen species. Current emissions models cannot address this in-canopy chemistry, which has the potential to influence ozone formation and the formation and growth of new and existing particles. A recent campaign at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) hopes to address this issue, with in-canopy gas and particle measurements from the summer of 2009 (CABINEX = the Community Atmosphere-Biosphere Interactions Experiment). Some components of one-dimensional modeling to address this in-canopy chemistry do exist, yet community model development is needed to address in-canopy chemistry. A suite of existing field campaigns that measure vertical profiles of gas and particle phase species are growing, and could provide an excellent opportunity to evaluate the impact of this chemistry on regional and global atmospheric chemistry. 

J. Lathiere presented a model intercomparison of the differences in isoprene emission estimates. This project is the result of a GEIA/iLEAPS activity, and is a model intercomparison of three different isoprene emissions models and their sensitivities to varying meteorological and vegetation input. Current global estimates of isoprene emissions are 412- 601 TgC/yr, and there is a need to quantify and understand variation between these estimates, including the varying model inventories and responses to forces. The three models employed are the (1) LPJ + process-based isoprene emissions model (Arneth et al., 2007); (2) MEGAN (Guenther et al., 2006); and (3) BVOC-EM (Lathiere, in press), based on the G2006 model with a modified time step and emissions factors. Each model was run with four different forcings (for a total of 12 runs) that investigated varying climate and vegetation conditions: (1) Climate sensitivity run 1, using the CRU database as the driver, (2) Climate sensitivity run 2, using the NCEP 1981-2002 average, (3) Vegetation sensitivity run 1, using LPJ potential vegetation with no crop, and (4) Vegetation sensitivity run 2, based on the MEGAN emission factors derived from remote sensing. While mechanistic explanations are still evolving, the variations between the standard conditions ranged from -40% to +13%, variations within models based on the climate data (CRU/NCEP) ranged from -9% to +29%, variations within the vegetation ranging from-33% to +27%, and variations within algorithms ranging from - 

48% to +30%. Overall, the differences were not consistent within the simulations, requiring a more detailed analysis to understand model responses. This intercomparison represents a first step towards assessing discrepancies between global emissions model. 

K. Jardine presented a study on the net ecosystem exchange rates of carbon dioxide and VOC between the Sonoran Desert and the North American Monsoon. Prior studies suggest that BVOC emissions could play a role in ozone formation in the Tuscon urban area (Diem, 2000), yet very few observations in this region exist. The creosote bush represents an important vegetation component in the American Southwest, and measurements were conducted in the summer of 2009 in the Tuscon region. The campaign, CREATIVE (Creosote-atmosphere interactions through Volatile Emissions), found that the creosote bush emits volatile isoprenoids, oxygenated VOCs plus several relatively “new” BVOC emissions, including fatty acids, alkanes and their oxidation products, aromatics, and reduced sulfur compounds. Measurements included REA, EC and branch enclosure measurements, finding a rich suite of volatile isoprenoid emissions that could have a variety of atmospheric fates. 

C. Delon presented a poster on the atmospheric nitrogen budget in West African dry savannas. This study represents a first attempt to estimate both deposition and emission fluxes of nitrogen species in dry savanna ecosystems, based on surface and satellite observations. 

M. Werner (poster presented by M. Kryza) presented a poster on the emissions, concentration and deposition of base cations in the United Kingdom. The study focused on Na+, Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+ and BC base cations, which are emitted from the sea surface. These species may contribute to the overall particulate matter air concentrations over large areas, especially in the densely populated coastal zone. 

D. Wilton presented a study on the estimation of global biogenic isoprene emissions from the terrestrial biosphere under different levels of CO2. Substantially higher emissions of monoterpenes in the Eocene are calculated, from far northerly and far southerly latitudes, as the climate allowed significant plant cover in these regions. 

C. Werner presented two posters, one on the development of a global N2O emissions inventory for agricultural and natural soils, and another one on data and model uncertainties of N2O and NO emission inventories for agricultural soils from Saxony, Germany. 

GEIA – Next Steps for 2010
GEIA Steering Committee Meeting Report 29 October 2009 

PARTICIPANTS (October 29, 2009 Meeting) 

Claire Granier (LATMOS, France; NOAA, USA) Alex Guenther (NCAR, USA)
Paulette Middleton (Panorama Pathways, USA) Toshimasa Ohara (NIES, Japan) 

Zbigniew Klimont (IIASA, Austria)
Jean-François Lamarque (NCAR, USA)
Ivar Isaksen (University of Oslo, Norway)
Catherine Liousse (Laboratoire d'Aérologie, France) Jos Olivier (MNP, The Netherlands)
Jean-François Muller (Belgium) 

Other steering committee members:
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl (IMK-IFU, Germany)
Frank Dentener (JRC, Italy)
Laurens Ganzeveld (University Wageningen, The Netherlands) Claire Reeves (University of East Anglia, UK)
Vigdis Vestreng (Norwegian Pollution Control Authority, Norway) 

KEY AREAS and ACTION ITEMS 

1. GEIA 2009 CONFERENCE FOLLOW-UPS & POSTINGS 

• Presentations (oral and poster), with the permission of the authors, will be posted on the GEIA web site. 
• The Conference full report, along with this GEIA Steering Committee Report, will be completed and posted in early 2010. 
• The GEIA email network will be informed of the postings. 

2. GEIA EMAIL NETWORK EXPANSION 

The GEIA Network, now well over a 1000, will be expanded to include: 

• ACCENT participants interested in emissions, but not already on the network, 
• Colleagues suggested by Conference attendees, and 
• Others associated with new GEIA activities being planned for 2010 and beyond. 

3. UPDATED LISTINGS OF DATA INFORMATION on GEIA WEB SITE 

In addition to using suggestions from the GEIA Steering Committee, information on these areas for data and new links will be requested from the full GEIA Network. 

• Emissions Data (Currently located under Catalogue on the GEIA web site) 

Update current listing and include email contacts for the referenced data 

• National Trends
  Provide introduction and links to most recent data
• IPCC Data
  Provide links/FTP site for data and descriptions and highlight on the web site 
• Toxic Pollutants
  In addition to updating mercury, add information on other toxics 

• Statistics
Provide information on key underlying data. 

4. NEW DATA BASE OF EMISSIONS PAPERS 

A new web based data base of papers on emissions will be initiated by first asking the GEIA Network for emission references (titles, authors with emails, and links) particularly for those papers comparing data sets. 

5. PROPOSED EMISSIONS ANALYSES WORKING GROUP 

Given the differences often found among data sets, it is proposed that a GEIA working group composed of emission developers and modelers be formed to compare data sets and implications for modeling. A desired outcome is a paper detailing key differences. Model runs could be done to help illustrate the implications of the differences. 

6. NEW GEIA FOCUS on MEGACITY – REGIONAL – GLOBAL CONNECTIONS 

Recognizing how GEIA information on the global scale is useful for developing countries and how improved information on megacities and regional levels is important for developing global perspectives, GEIA will more actively focus on these connections. To begin strengthening GEIA links with different key regions, GEIA will invite new people onto the GEIA Steering Committee who have expertise in these regions, and will begin developing regional centers through corporation with other entities and individuals working in these regions. 

7. IGAC, AIMES, iLEAPS and GEIA 

GEIA leaders will continue to work toward strengthening these connections within IGBP to help GEIA better achieve its mission. 

8. EMISSION REVIEW UPDATES 

The older reviews from 2002 need to be updated. As a first step, links and summaries of the recent ACCENT sponsor papers that can be referenced will be posted on the GEIA web site. Additional members of the GEIA community will be approached to update these “state of science” summaries, including discussion of regional as well as global emissions.